Since Wandering Author's question about fireproofing in the World Trade Center, I've been thinking about this detail. I found this one in an office building built by our office a few years ago. Those C-shaped things in the walls are metal studs. If you do your own remodeling projects at home, you'll use wood studs, which would be drawn in this detail as a rectangle with an "x" through it. While wood studs can be treated with fire-retardant chemicals, metal studs are used more often than wood studs in commercial and large multifamily residential construction projects that require a high degree of noncombustability (is that even a word?).
Building codes dictate so many aspects of a building, including the materials used to make them. First, building codes allow an architect to use wood frame construction if the building is under a certain area (in square feet) and under a certain number of stories. How many square feet and how many stories depends on what kind of building it is: a wood-frame office building can be larger than a wood frame nursing home. Some types of buildings, such as structures that store hazardous materials, are not allowed to be of wood construction at all. Also, putting a sprinkler system in your building allows the architect to greatly increase the size of the building.
Structural systems for large buildings and buildings that require a great deal of fire resistance are either steel or concrete. Concrete columns and beams have steel reinforcing bar in them (called "rebar" in da biz) that allows them to stretch when the beams get really warm, and concrete is especially handy for long spans (this is one of several reasons concrete beams are used to build bridges--it can span 60 to 100 feet). Concrete is also naturally fire resistant, but it's often more expensive that steel. Steel is usually an economical way to support normal spans in a building, such as 25 to 35 feet.
However, steel columns, like the one shown above, are not inherently fire resistant.; when exposed to high temperatures, the steel deforms and fails. Sometimes, steel beams and columns are painted with a paint called intumescent paint, which creates water when it comes in contact with heat and drips on the fire, defending the steel from the intense heat and buying some more time for the firefighters to arrive and put out the flames. The more typical manner in which steel is protected and given a "fire rating" is the sprayed-on fireproofing that is shown above. I'm not sure what it's made of exactly, but it protects and insulates the steel from fire. It's lumpy, whitish-grey stuff, so if the column can be seen, the column is covered with framing and gypsum board (drywall). The framing-and-drywall covering also serves to protect the firespray from being damaged, causing it to flake off and reduce the fire protection.
That is all for now. Tell your friends at the water cooler tomorrow....
7 comments:
Actually, I don't know if many people would gather around the water cooler to hear them, but I find all these details interesting. It is fascinating to understand a bit more about how buildings are put together.
OH, OH! I know I know!
that spray on stuff is plaster based - either gypsum or cement or "fibrous" which is either ceramic fibers or something else - basically its cheap and easy and serves as an insulator since the heat capacity is so high (meaning, my poor chemistry phobes that it takes lots of heat to raise the material one degree in temperature.)
Also, they try to mix it with stuff like air bubbles and styrofoam beads to make it "thicker" yet lighter weight and cheaper.
Which makes it ripe for miscalculations in the application.
cool details, supa Pixie. I'm feeling very smart this morning now that I've had my weekly dose of construction science.
Ha! Thanks, Baxter's Mum! I knew the engineer in the crowd would get it. And heat capacity! I haven't thought about heat capacity in years! (We took Physics For Poets at GT, and that was it for science.)
And WA, thanks for the props. I'm often concerned that I'm boring everyone, but I want to take the mystery out of what I do for a living.
Look! It's x-ray vision! Or is that bird's-eye view? YAY!
Egad, I feel smarter for having read your expose' of building science. Now I've got to find a water cooler.
I am glad people are looking at the detail. I remember two items concerning details. I ran into a woman in the course of my work who insisted that the columns were solid GWB. I was the PM on a remodel project in the office where she worked. She was astonished to see a construction guy pull the sheet rock off a column and see the steel inside. It took a few min. to explain how it all went together.
In another instance I had a facility manager who did not know what a curtain wall was. He managed a commercial office space of about 350,000 sq. ft. the building's exterior finish was glazed gray brick. This was attached to a 8" cmu wall that acted as infill between the structure. The Facility Manager wanted to pull down the ceiling and brace the floor before an opening was cut in the wall. I was astonished, this guy had been an FM for 20+ years did not know a building went together.
I too am glad that folks are looking at these details. It's the only way I can get a captive audience. I find that the world is less scary when you know how it works, which includes buildings.
Oh Faded, do I have some stories of architectural ignorance coming up for you.....
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